| Picture | Term | Info | Memo | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
Diencephalon (Interbrain)
das Zwischenhirn (Diencephalon)
Diencéfalo
Промежуточный мозг | It consists of structures that are on either side of the third ventricle, including the thalamus, the hypothalamus, the epithalamus and the subthalamus. The thalamus serves as a relay centre for sensory and motor impulses to and from the cerebrum, relaying sensory information from all senses besides smell. The hypothalamus is located in the floor of the third ventricle, and has multiple functions including managing hormones in the endocrine system. | Copy to my visuals | ||
Thalamus
der Thalamus
Tálamo
Таламус | The thalamus, located in the middle of the brain, acts as a relay station for sensory information. It receives signals related to vision, hearing, touch, proprioception, and taste, and sends them to the appropriate areas of the cerebral cortex. The thalamus also receives feedback from the cortex, allowing it to filter sensory information in real time. It is connected to other brain regions, including the hippocampus and brainstem, and helps coordinate brain activity involved in attention. | Copy to my visuals | ||
Optic chiasm
das Chiasma opticum
Quiasma óptico
Зрительный перекрёст (Хиазма) | The site of partial decussation of optic nerve fibers. | Copy to my visuals | ||
Spinal cord
das Rückenmark
Médula espinal
Спинной мозг | The spinal cord functions primarily in the transmission of nerve signals from the motor cortex to the body, and from the afferent fibers of the sensory neurons to the sensory cortex. It is also a center for coordinating many reflexes and contains reflex arcs that can independently control reflexes. It is also the location of groups of spinal interneurons that make up the neural circuits known as central pattern generators. These circuits are responsible for controlling motor instructions for rhythmic movements such as walking. | Copy to my visuals | ||
Pelvic diaphragm (Pelvic floor)
das Diaphragma pelvis
Diafragma pélvico
Тазовая диафрагма (Тазовое дно) | Functionally, the pelvic floor maintains baseline muscle tone to anchor and prevent prolapse of the pelvic viscera | Copy to my visuals | ||
Erector spinae
der Rückenstrecker
Músculo erector de la columna
Мышца, выпрямляющая позвоночник | The erector spinae or spinal erectors is a set of muscles that straighten and rotate the back. The spinal erectors work together with the glutes (gluteus maximus, gluteus medius and gluteus minimus) to maintain stable posture standing or sitting. | Copy to my visuals | ||
Rectus abdominis muscle
der gerade Bauchmuskel
Músculo recto del abdomen
Прямая мышца живота | The rectus abdominis is an abdominal muscle that helps maintain posture, bend the spine forward, and move the rib cage and pelvis toward each other. It also supports the internal organs, increases abdominal pressure, and assists with breathing, especially during forceful exhalation. | Copy to my visuals | ||
Pectoralis major muscle
der große Brustmuskel
Músculo pectoral mayor
Большая грудная мышца | The pectoralis major's primary functions are flexion, adduction, and internal rotation of the humerus. The pectoral major may colloquially be referred to as "pecs", "pectoral muscle", or "chest muscle", because it is the largest and most superficial muscle in the chest area. | Copy to my visuals | ||
Latissimus dorsi muscle
der breite Rückenmuskel
Músculo dorsal ancho
Широчайшая мышца спины | The pair of muscles are commonly known as "lats", especially among bodybuilders. The latissimus dorsi is responsible for extension, adduction, transverse extension also known as horizontal abduction (or horizontal extension), flexion from an extended position, and (medial) internal rotation of the shoulder joint. It also has a synergistic role in extension and lateral flexion of the lumbar spine. | Copy to my visuals | ||
Retinal bipolar cell
die Bipolarzelle der Netzhaut
Célula bipolar de la retina
Биполярная клетка сетчатки | Copy to my visuals | |||
Cerebellum
das Kleinhirn
Cerebelo
Мозжечок | A major feature of the hindbrain of all vertebrates. In humans, the cerebellum plays an important role in motor control and cognitive functions such as attention and language as well as emotional control such as regulating fear and pleasure responses, but its movement-related functions are the most solidly established. The human cerebellum does not initiate movement, but contributes to motor coordination, precision, and accurate timing: it receives input from sensory systems of the spinal cord and from other parts of the brain, and integrates these inputs to fine-tune motor activity. | Copy to my visuals | ||
Medulla oblongata
das verlängerte Mark (Medulla oblongata)
Bulbo raquídeo (médula oblongada)
Продолговатый мозг | It is a cone-shaped neuronal mass responsible for autonomic (involuntary) functions, ranging from vomiting to sneezing. The medulla contains the cardiovascular center, the respiratory center, vomiting and vasomotor centers, responsible for the autonomic functions of breathing, heart rate and blood pressure as well as the sleep–wake cycle. | Copy to my visuals | ||
Gastrocnemius muscle
der zweiköpfige Wadenmuskel
Músculo gastrocnemio
Икроножная мышца | Its function is plantar flexing the foot at the ankle joint and flexing the leg at the knee joint. | Copy to my visuals | ||
Quadriceps femoris muscle (quadriceps extensor)
der vierköpfige Oberschenkelmuskel
Músculo cuádriceps femoral
Четырёхглавая мышца бедра (квадрицепс) | A large muscle group that includes the four prevailing muscles on the front of the thigh. It is the sole extensor muscle of the knee, forming a large fleshy mass which covers the front and sides of the femur. | Copy to my visuals | ||
Gray matter (Grey matter)
die graue Substanz
Sustancia gris
Серое вещество | A major component of the central nervous system, consisting of neuronal cell bodies, neuropil (dendrites and unmyelinated axons), glial cells (astrocytes and oligodendrocytes), synapses, and capillaries. | Copy to my visuals | ||
White matter
die weiße Substanz
Sustancia blanca
Белое вещество | Areas of the central nervous system that are mainly made up of myelinated axons | Copy to my visuals | ||
Sensory neuron
das sensorische Neuron
Neurona sensitiva
Сенсорный нейрон (чувствительный нейрон) | It converts a specific type of stimulus, via it's receptors, into action potentials or graded receptor potentials. This process is called sensory transduction. | Copy to my visuals | ||
Axoplasm
das Axoplasma
Axoplasma
Аксоплазма | The cytoplasm within the axon of a neuron. It is composed of various organelles and cytoskeletal elements. The axoplasm contains a high concentration of elongated mitochondria, microfilaments, and microtubules. Axoplasm lacks much of the cellular machinery (ribosomes and nucleus) required to transcribe and translate complex proteins. | Copy to my visuals | ||
Axolemma
das Axolemm
Axolema
Аксолемма | The cell membrane covering an axon. It abounds with ion-conducting channels. | Copy to my visuals | ||
Pineal gland
die Zirbeldrüse (Epiphyse)
Glándula pineal (epífisis)
Эпифиз (шишковидная железа) | Located in the epithalamus, near the center of the brain, between the two hemispheres. Produces melatonin, a serotonin-derived hormone, which modulates sleep patterns following the diurnal cycles. The shape of the gland resembles a pine cone, which gives it its name. | Copy to my visuals | ||
Hippocampus
der Hippocampus
Hipocampo
Гиппокамп | Structure of the medial temporal lobe. Plays important roles in the consolidation of information from short-term memory to long-term memory, and in spatial memory that enables navigation. | Copy to my visuals | ||
Central sulcus
der Sulcus centralis
Surco central
Центральная борозда | A prominent landmark of the brain, separating the parietal lobe from the frontal lobe and the primary motor cortex from the primary somatosensory cortex. | Copy to my visuals | ||
Longissimus thoracis muscle
der längste Brustmuskel
Músculo longísimo torácico
Длиннейшая мышца груди | It extends the thoracic and lumbar regions of the spine. | Copy to my visuals | ||
Transverse abdominal muscle
der quere Bauchmuskel
Músculo transverso del abdomen
Поперечная мышца живота | Compresses the abdominal cavity and stabilizes the lower back. | Copy to my visuals | ||
Diaphragm
das Zwerchfell
Diafragma
Диафрагма | The primary respiratory muscle that increases the volume of the thoracic cavity during inhalation. | Copy to my visuals | ||
Trapezius muscle
der Trapezmuskel
Músculo trapecio
Трапециевидная мышца | It moves the scapula and supports the position of the shoulder girdle and neck. | Copy to my visuals | ||
Telencephalon
das Endhirn (Telencephalon)
Telencéfalo
Конечный мозг (Теленцефалон) | A part of the forebrain that includes the cerebral hemispheres. | Copy to my visuals | ||
Prefrontal cortex
der präfrontale Kortex
Corteza prefrontal
Префронтальная кора | The prefrontal cortex grants us executive function, or the ability to make complex and socially mindful decisions. The prefrontal cortex must filter out unimportant sensations, focus our attention on the task at hand, and contextualize our decisions with memories of the past and predictions about how our behavior will influence the future. Behaviors and personality traits unique to humans often depend on the prefrontal cortex. | Copy to my visuals | ||
Pituitary gland
die Hypophyse
Glándula pituitaria
Гипофиз | The pituitary gland produces and releases hormones controlling various bodily functions and behaviors. It is a key component of the endocrine system and helps relay signals from the hypothalamus to glands throughout the body. For example, the hypothalamus sends signals to the pituitary gland; the pituitary gland then releases hormones into the bloodstream; these hormones reach additional glands in the body, spurring the release of other hormones; and those final hormones circulate back up to the hypothalamus, which interprets the meaning of those hormones for the brain in order to regulate behavior. The regulation of stress, growth, and reproduction are three of the various responsibilities of the pituitary gland. | Copy to my visuals | ||
Corpus callosum
der Balken (Corpus callosum)
Cuerpo calloso
Мозолистое тело | The corpus callosum is a thick, wide bundle of neural connections linking the left and right hemispheres of the cerebral cortex. Neurons in either hemisphere stretch their axons (neural wires) through the corpus callosum to communicate with neurons in the opposite hemisphere. Specialized cells called glia wrap fatty deposits, known as myelin, around these axons to provide insulation for electrical signals, akin to the rubber insulation found on electrical wires. The corpus callosum contains so much fatty myelin that it is white in appearance—making it known as white matter. Grey matter, which contains the cell bodies of neurons, is where computations are made in the brain, while white matter is the superhighway for all that information—and the corpus callosum is the biggest superhighway in the brain. | Copy to my visuals | ||
Basal ganglia
die Basalganglien
Ganglios basales (núcleos basales)
Базальные ганглии | The basal ganglia are a group of brain structures that control voluntary movements, habitual behaviors, and emotions. The basal ganglia are comprised of six structures: caudate nucleus, globus pallidus, nucleus accumbens, putamen, substantia nigra, and subthalamic nucleus. The location of the basal ganglia—underneath the cerebral cortex but on top of the brainstem—reflects its role as an intermediary between our higher thoughts, our sensations, and our reflexes. | Copy to my visuals | ||
Purkinje cell
die Purkinje-Zelle
Célula de Purkinje
Клетка Пуркинье | Large inhibitory neuron of the cerebellar cortex. | Copy to my visuals |